Mittelalterliche und frühneuzeitliche Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte

Im Jahre 1994 wurde die erste Professur für Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte mit der Ausrichtung auf die Geschichte des Mittelalters am Historischen Seminar der Kieler Universität begründet. Doch die Doppeldisziplin Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte der Vormoderne war zuvor schon in unterschiedlicher Ausprägung und Gewichtung in den einzelnen Disziplinen seit dem Entstehen der ›Neuen Schule der historischen Nationalökonomie‹ durch Berufungen auf verschiedene Professuren präsent. Vor 1945 lag der Schwerpunkt besonders in der vormodernen Geschichte öffentlicher Finanzen und hansischer Städte, materialisiert von den 1920er Jahren an auch in etlichen Veröffentlichungen, die durch die sogenannte ›Volksgeschichte‹ geprägt und dem ›Völkischen‹ der NS-Zeit verhaftet waren und derart in ihrer wissenschaftlichen Methodik pervertiert wurden. Seit den 1950er, vor allem seit den 1980er Jahren richteten sich die methodischen Sonden vornehmlich auf die mittelalterliche und frühneuzeitliche Geschichte urbaner Bewegungen des Sozialen und Ökonomischen, konzentriert teilweise in größeren, durch Drittmittel diverser Institutionen und Stiftungen geförderten Forschungsvorhaben.In 1994 the first professorship for economic and social history focusing on the history of the Middle Ages was established at the Department of History at Kiel University. However, due to appointments of different professorships, the double discipline of economic and social history of the pre-modern period had already been noticeable to varying degrees in the individual subjects since the emergence of the ›New School of Historical National Economy‹. Before 1945 historians focused particularly on the pre-modern history of public finances and Hanseatic cities. From the 1920s onwards this trend had materialised through several publications that were influenced by so-called ›Volksgeschichte‹ and were rooted in the ›völkisch‹ ideology of the Nazi era and, consequently, perverted in their scientific methodology. Since the 1950s, especially since the 1980s, methodological probes have been directed primarily towards the medieval and early modern history of urban movements of the social and economic sphere, concentrated in parts within larger research projects financed by third-party funds from various institutions and foundations

Politiker, Wissenschaftsorganisatoren und Verbandsfunktionäre: Kieler Historiker vom 19. zum 21. Jahrhundert

Unter den Kieler Historikern fanden sich nur wenige vor und nach der Gründung des Historischen Seminars der Kieler Universität bereit, zeitweise oder für immer die universitäre Lehrkanzel mit der Politik oder mit Leitungsaufgaben in Universität und Wissenschaftsorganisationen zu tauschen. An der Selbstorganisation der Wissenschaft im regionalen, nationalen und internationalen Maßstab nahmen nach 1945 fünf Mitglieder des Kieler Historischen Seminars in führenden Positionen Anteil: Karl Dietrich Erdmann, Hartmut Lehmann, Werner Paravicini, Ludwig Steindorff und Gerhard Fouquet. Für Gerhard Stoltenberg und Ekkehard Klug war ihre akademische Zeit nur die Vorstufe ihrer politischen Karriere. In der langen Zeitspanne vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg waren die Ambitionen für derartige über die Professur hinausweisende Ämter nur in den Jahrzehnten vor der Gründung des Historischen Seminars ausgeprägt. Das ›Dreigestirn‹ der Paulskirche, Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann, Johann Gustav Droysen und Georg Waitz, ragt heraus; alle drei taten sich erst unter dem Eindruck der Revolution von 1848/1849 als Politiker hervor. Der Landes- und Nordeuropahistoriker Otto Scheel scheiterte Ende April 1933 nach zwei Monaten als Rektor der durch NS-Studentengruppen und Dozenten radikalisierten Kieler Universität. Vorgelegt werden Biogramme von Männern – Frauen sind am Historischen Seminar erst seit 2013 (!) berufen worden –, berücksichtigt werden auch Hinweise auf Zeitumstände, Planungen, auf Erfolg und Scheitern, zusammengeführt in einer Prosopographie von Professoren als Politikern, Wissenschaftsorganisatoren und Verbandsfunktionären.Before and after the founding of the Department of History at Kiel University only few historians in Kiel were prepared to swap the university chair for politics or leadership roles at the university and in scientific organisations, either temporarily or permanently. After 1945 five members of the Department of History in Kiel took part in the self-organisation of science on a regional, national and international scale occupying leading positions: Karl Dietrich Erdmann, Hartmut Lehmann, Werner Paravicini, Ludwig Steindorff, and Gerhard Fouquet. For Gerhard Stoltenberg and Ekkehard Klug their academic time was only the preliminary stage of their political careers. During the long period before the Second World War, ambitions for such offices which went beyond the professorship were pronounced only in the decades before the founding of the Department of History. The ›triumvirate‹ of the Paulskirche, Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann, Johann Gustav Droysen, and Georg Waitz, stands out; all three first emerged as politicians under the impact of the revolution of 1848/1849. The historian Otto Scheel, who specialised in regional and Northern European history, failed at the end of April 1933 after two months as rector of the Kiel University, which had been radicalised by Nazi student groups and lecturers. Short biographies of men are presented – women have only been appointed to the Department of History since 2013 (!) – and in addition, references to the circumstances of the time, planning, and success and failure brought together in a prosopography of professors as politicians, academic organisers, and association functionaries are taken into account

The legend about sailing ship effects – Is it true or false? The example of cleaner propulsion technologies diffusion in the automotive industry

The global automotive industry is faced with major technological change in the field of propulsion systems. Due to low carbon emission regulations and a rising societal demand for sustainability, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are forced to innovate either in the conventional technology or in the technological alternatives such as electric drives or fuel cells. However, OEMs are only marginally switching to electromobility so far, but rather incrementally innovating traditional technologies. This behaviour can be described as sailing ship effect which contains the reaction of an old technology to a new technology by fostering innovation in the old technology. Firstly, the present study contributes to the discussion in literature on the sailing ship effect by combining its underlying ideas and consequences with the rationales of path dependence to demonstrate that such a behaviour may be individually economical rational. Based on these considerations, we respond to the call for further empirical investigation of the sailing ship effect. We show patent-based evidence that there has been a temporary sailing ship effect in the automotive industry concerning traditional and emerging propulsion systems and discuss implications for corporate technology strategy and policy

A Key Role for E-cadherin in Intestinal Homeostasis and Paneth Cell Maturation

E-cadherin is a major component of adherens junctions. Impaired expression of E-cadherin in the small intestine and colon has been linked to a disturbed intestinal homeostasis and barrier function. Down-regulation of E-cadherin is associated with the pathogenesis of infections with enteropathogenic bacteria and Crohn's disease. To genetically clarify the function of E-cadherin in intestinal homeostasis and maintenance of the epithelial defense line, the Cdh1 gene was conditionally inactivated in the mouse intestinal epithelium. Inactivation of the Cdh1 gene in the small intestine and colon resulted in bloody diarrhea associated with enhanced apoptosis and cell shedding, causing life-threatening disease within 6 days. Loss of E-cadherin led cells migrate faster along the crypt-villus axis and perturbed cellular differentiation. Maturation and positioning of goblet cells and Paneth cells, the main cell lineage of the intestinal innate immune system, was severely disturbed. The expression of anti-bacterial cryptidins was reduced and mice showed a deficiency in clearing enteropathogenic bacteria from the intestinal lumen. These results highlight the central function of E-cadherin in the maintenance of two components of the intestinal epithelial defense: E-cadherin is required for the proper function of the intestinal epithelial lining by providing mechanical integrity and is a prerequisite for the proper maturation of Paneth and goblet cells

The role of war in deep transitions: exploring mechanisms, imprints and rules in sociotechnical systems

This paper explores in what ways the two world wars influenced the development of sociotechnical systems underpinning the culmination of the first deep transition. The role of war is an underexplored aspect in both the Techno-Economic Paradigms (TEP) approach and the Multi-level perspective (MLP) which form the two key conceptual building blocks of the Deep Transitions (DT) framework. Thus, we develop a conceptual approach tailored to this particular topic which integrates accounts of total war and mechanisms of war from historical studies and imprinting from organisational studies with the DT framework’s attention towards rules and meta-rules. We explore in what ways the three sociotechnical systems of energy, food, and transport were affected by the emergence of new demand pressures and logistical challenges during conditions of total war; how war impacted the directionality of sociotechnical systems; the extent to which new national and international policy capacities emerged during wartime in the energy, food, and transport systems; and the extent to which these systems were influenced by cooperation and shared sacrifice under wartime conditions. We then explore what lasting changes were influenced by the two wars in the energy, food, and transport systems across the transatlantic zone. This paper seeks to open up a hitherto neglected area in analysis on sociotechnical transitions and we discuss the importance of further research that is attentive towards entanglements of warfare and the military particularly in the field of sustainability transitions

Geldgeschäfte im Auftrag des römischen Königs. Eberhard Windeck, Brügge, Lübeck und König Sigmund (1415 – 1417)

Financial Transactions by Appointment of the King. Eberhard Windeck, Bruges, Lubeck and King Sigmund (1415–1417) In 1416, during a tour of Western Europe, Sigmund, King of the Romans since 1411, had to pawn precious gifts from the English King Henry V at the Bruges money market to cover his travel expenses. Seen through the eyes of Sigmund’s biographer Eberhard Windeck, this rather common episode in the conduct of royal finances represents an instance of the rarely explored history of royal budgets in the 15th century. Other royal instruments of revenue, e. g. customs duties and dues from imperial cities, were vastly impawned. The lack of general taxes was the gravest systemic deficiency of the elective monarchy in the Empire – certainly in comparison to England and France. This instance of royal creation of credit by pawn also displays King Sigmund’s influence on the ongoing crisis of communal leadership within the imperial and Hanseatic city of Lubeck, as well as the largely fiscal nature of royal policies towards an imperial city’s commune

Die Pest in Lübeck und Schleswig-Holstein während des 14. und 15. Jahrhunderts

Gerhard Fouquet widmet sich in seinem Beitrag dem Themenfeld der Pandemien in der Geschichte am Beispiel der Pest im Spätmittelalter. Im ersten Teil beschreibt er die Menschenverluste durch die Pestpandemie um die Mitte des 14. Jahrhundert. Danach erläutert er deren Ausbruch und ihre Verbreitung, bevor er sich der Frage zuwendet, was wir historisch über die Krankheit, über die Aitiologie der Pest wissen. Im zweiten Teil des Beitrags versucht Fouquet, auf Grundlage der wenigen Quellen aus Hamburg, Lübeck und Schleswig-Holstein die lokalen und regionalen Besonderheiten der Pest abzuhören, die Rhythmen ihrer Wiederkehr, die Bedrohungen, die von ihr ausgingen, sowie die Reaktionen der Menschen in jenen Zeiten existenzieller Ängste.Gerhard Fouquet dedicates his paper to the topic of pandemics in history using the example of the plague in the late Middle Ages. In the first part, he describes the human losses caused by the plague pandemic around the middle of the 14th century. He then explains its outbreak and spread before turning to the question of what we know historically about the disease, about the aitiology of the plague. In the second part of the paper, Fouquet tries to listen to the local and regional peculiarities of the plague, the rhythms of its recurrence, the threats it posed, as well as the reactions of the people in those times of existential anxiety, based on the few sources from Hamburg, Lübeck and Schleswig-Holstein